What is one effect of second-guessing on individuals involved in traumatic incidents?

Second-guessing in the context of traumatic incidents can lead individuals to experience isolation and withdrawal. This often occurs as individuals begin to doubt their actions or decisions made during the traumatic event, which can create feelings of shame or guilt. These feelings can cause individuals to pull away from others, avoiding social interactions or support that might otherwise aid in recovery. When a person is preoccupied with self-doubt, they may also feel less inclined to seek help or communicate with those who care about them, exacerbating their sense of isolation. This can hinder emotional healing and the process of moving forward after such incidents.

In contrast, the other options highlight effects that aren’t typically associated with the experience of second-guessing under stress. For example, resilience may improve in the long term due to coping strategies developed over time, but the immediate effect is usually the opposite. Enhanced communication skills and improved problem-solving are also not typical results of second-guessing; in fact, doubt can lead to confusion and difficulty in expressing thoughts and feelings.